Kitap 8
1
We must now draw our conclusions from what has been said, and after summing up the result, bring our inquiry to a close. We have saidCf. Aristot. Met. 7.1. that the objects of our inquiry are the causes and principles and elements of substances. Now some substances are agreed upon by all; but about others certain thinkers have stated individual theories.
2
Those about which there is agreement are natural substances: e.g. fire, earth, water, air and all the other simple bodies; next, plants and their parts, and animals and the parts of animals; and finally the sensible universe and its parts; and certain thinkers individually include as substances the Forms and the objects of mathematics.Cf. Aristot. Met. 7.2.
3
And arguments show that there are yet other substances: the essence and the substrate.Cf. Aristot. Met. 7.3-4. Again, from another point of view, the genus is more nearly substance than the species, and the universal than the particularsCf. Aristot. Met. 7.13.; and there is a close connection between the universal and genus and the Ideas, for they are thought to be substance on the same grounds.Cf. Aristot. Met. 7.14.
