Kitap 12
1
Now since some things can exist in separation and others cannot, it is the former that are substances. And therefore all things have the same causes, because without substance there can be no affections and motions. Next we shall seeSee Introduction. that these causes are probably soul and body, or mind, appetite and body.Aristotle is thinking of animals and human beings, which are substances in the truest sense. Again, there is another sense in which by analogy the principles are the same viz. actuality and potentiality; but these are different for different things, and apply to them in different ways.
2
For in some cases the same thing exists now actually and now potentially; e.g. wine or flesh or man (actuality and potentiality also fall under the causes as already described; for the form exists actually if it is separable, and so does the compound of form and matter, and the privation, e.g. darkness or disease; and the matter exists potentially, for it is this which has the potentiality of becoming bothi.e., of acquiring either of the contrary qualities distinguished by the form and the privation;
