Kitap 1
After this, he sent messengers to Kyme [24.1167,38.6333] (Perseus) Cyme demanding that Pactyes be surrendered. The Cymaeans resolved to make the god at Didyma [27.233,37.35] (historic site), Aydin Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Branchidae their judge as to what course they should take; for there was an ancient place of divination there, which all the Ionians and Aeolians used to consult; the place is in the land of Miletus [27.3,37.5] (Perseus) Miletus , above the harbor of Panormus [27.2167,37.3833] (Perseus) Panormus .
The men of Kyme [24.1167,38.6333] (Perseus) Cyme , then, sent to Didyma [27.233,37.35] (historic site), Aydin Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Branchidae to inquire of the shrine what they should do in the matter of Pactyes that would be most pleasing to the gods; and the oracle replied that they must surrender Pactyes to the Persians.
When this answer came back to them, they set about surrendering him. But while the greater part were in favor of doing this, Aristodicus son of Heraclides, a notable man among the citizens, stopped the men of Kyme [24.1167,38.6333] (Perseus) Cyme from doing it; for he did not believe the oracle and thought that those who had inquired of the god spoke falsely; until at last a second band of inquirers was sent to inquire concerning Pactyes, among whom was Aristodicus.
When they came to Didyma [27.233,37.35] (historic site), Aydin Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Branchidae , Aristodicus, speaking for all, put this question to the oracle: “Lord, Pactyes the Lydian has come to us a suppliant fleeing a violent death at the hands of the Persians; and they demand him of us, telling the men of Kyme [24.1167,38.6333] (Perseus) Cyme to surrender him.
But we, as much as we fear the Persian power, have not dared give up this suppliant of ours until it is clearly made known to us by you whether we are to do this or not.” Thus Aristodicus inquired; and the god again gave the same answer, that Pactyes should be surrendered to the Persians.
With that Aristodicus did as he had already decided; he went around the temple, and took away the sparrows and all the families of nesting birds that were in it. But while he was doing so, a voice (they say) came out of the inner shrine calling to Aristodicus, and saying, “Vilest of men, how dare you do this? Will you rob my temple of those that take refuge with me?”
Then Aristodicus had his answer ready: “Lord,” he said, “will you save your own suppliants, yet tell the men of Kyme [24.1167,38.6333] (Perseus) Cyme to deliver up theirs?” But the god replied, “Yes, I do command them, so that you may perish all the sooner for your impiety, and never again come to inquire of my oracle about giving up those that seek refuge with you.”
When the Cymaeans heard this answer, they sent Pactyes away to Mytilene [26.55,39.1] (Perseus) Mytilene ; for they were anxious not to perish for delivering him up or to be besieged for keeping him with them.
Then Mazares sent a message to Mytilene [26.55,39.1] (Perseus) Mytilene demanding the surrender of Pactyes, and the Mytilenaeans prepared to give him, for a price; I cannot say exactly how much it was, for the bargain was never fulfilled;
for when the Cymaeans learned what the Mytilenaeans were about, they sent a ship to Lesbos [26.333,39.166] (island), Lesvos, Aegean Islands, Greece, Europe Lesbos and took Pactyes away to Chios [26,38.366] (island), Khios, Aegean Islands, Greece, Europe Chios . From there he was dragged out of the temple of City-guarding Athena and delivered up by the Chians,
who received in return Atarneus [26.95,39.05] (Perseus) Atarneus , which is a district in Mysia (region (general)), Turkey, Asia Mysia opposite Lesbos [26.333,39.166] (island), Lesvos, Aegean Islands, Greece, Europe Lesbos . The Persians thus received Pactyes and kept him guarded, so that they might show him to Cyrus;
and for a long time no one would use barley meal from this land of Atarneus [26.95,39.05] (Perseus) Atarneus in sacrifices to any god, or make sacrificial cakes of what grew there; everything that came from that country was kept away from any sacred rite.
The Chians, then, surrendered Pactyes, and afterwards Mazares led his army against those who had helped to besiege Tabalus, and he enslaved the people of Priene [27.2833,37.6333] (Perseus) Priene , and overran the plain of the Maeandrus, giving it to his army to pillage and Magnesia ad Meander [27.416,37.833] (deserted settlement), Aydin Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Magnesia likewise. Immediately after this he died of an illness.
After his death, Harpagus, a Mede like Mazares, came down to succeed him in his command; this is the Harpagus who was entertained by Astyages the king of the Medes at that unnatural feast, and who helped win the kingship for Cyrus.
This man was now made general by Cyrus. When he came to Ionia (region (general)), Europe Ionia , he took the cities by means of earthworks; he would drive the men within their walls and then build earthworks against the walls and so take the cities.
Foca [26.75,38.666] (inhabited place), Izmir Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Phocaea was the first Ionian town that he attacked. These Phocaeans were the earliest of the Greeks to make long sea-voyages, and it was they who discovered the Adriatic Sea [16,43] (sea), Europe Adriatic Sea , and Etruria (region (general)), Italy, EuropeTyrrhenia, and Iberian Peninsula (peninsula), Europe Iberia , and Tartessus,The lower valley of the Guadalquivir (river), Andalusia, Spain, Europe Guadalquivir . Later Tartessus was identified with Cadiz [-6.3,36.533] (inhabited place), Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain, Europe Gades (Cadiz [-6.3,36.533] (inhabited place), Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain, Europe Cadiz ), which Herodotus (Hdt. 4.8) calls Cadiz [-6.3,36.533] (inhabited place), Cadiz, Andalusia, Spain, Europe Gadira .
not sailing in round freightships but in fifty-oared vessels. When they came to Tartessus they made friends with the king of the Tartessians, whose name was Arganthonius; he ruled Tartessus for eighty years and lived a hundred and twenty.A common Greek tradition, apparently; Anacreon (Fr. 8) says “I would not... rule Tartessus for an hundred and fifty years.
The Phocaeans won this man's friendship to such a degree that he invited them to leave Ionia (region (general)), Europe Ionia and settle in his country wherever they liked; and then, when he could not persuade them to, and learned from them how the Median power was increasing, he gave them money to build a wall around their city.
He gave it generously: for the circuit of the wall is of not a few stades, and all this is made of great stones well fitted together.
In such a manner the Phocaeans' wall was built. Harpagus marched against the city and besieged it, but he made overtures, and said that it would suffice him if the Phocaeans would demolish one rampart of the wall and dedicate one house.
But the Phocaeans, very indignant at the thought of slavery, said they wanted to deliberate for a day, and then they would answer; but while they were deliberating, Harpagus must withdraw his army from the walls, they said. Harpagus said that he well knew what they intended to do, but that nevertheless he would allow them to deliberate.
So when Harpagus withdrew his army from the walls, the Phocaeans launched their fifty-oared ships, embarked their children and women and all their movable goods, besides the statues from the temples and everything dedicated in them except bronze or stonework or painting, and then embarked themselves and set sail for Chios [26,38.366] (island), Khios, Aegean Islands, Greece, Europe Chios ; and the Persians took Foca [26.75,38.666] (inhabited place), Izmir Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Phocaea , left thus uninhabited.
The Phocaeans would have bought the islands called Oenussae from the Chians;Between Chios [26,38.366] (island), Khios, Aegean Islands, Greece, Europe Chios and the mainland. but the Chians would not sell them, because they feared that the islands would become a market and so their own island be cut off from trade: so the Phocaeans prepared to sail to Corsica [9,42] (region), France, Europe Cyrnus , Corsica [9,42] (region), France, Europe Corsica . where at the command of an oracle they had built a city called Aleria [9.5,42.83] (inhabited place), Haute-Corse, Corsica, France, Europe Alalia twenty years before.
Arganthonius was by this time dead. While getting ready for their voyage, they first sailed to Foca [26.75,38.666] (inhabited place), Izmir Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Phocaea , where they destroyed the Persian guard to whom Harpagus had entrusted the defense of the city; and when this was done, they called down mighty curses on any one of them who should stay behind when the rest sailed.
Not only this, but they sank a mass of iron in the sea, and swore never to return to Foca [26.75,38.666] (inhabited place), Izmir Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Phocaea before the iron should appear again. But while they prepared to sail to Cyrnus, more than half of the citizens were overcome with longing and pitiful sorrow for the city and the life of their land, and they broke their oath and sailed back to Foca [26.75,38.666] (inhabited place), Izmir Ili, Ege kiyilari, Turkey, Asia Phocaea . Those of them who kept the oath put out to sea from the Oenussae.
And when they came to Cyrnus they lived there for five years as one community with those who had come first, and they founded temples there. But they harassed and plundered all their neighbors, as a result of which the Tyrrhenians and Carthaginians made common cause against them, and sailed to attack them with sixty ships each.
The Phocaeans also manned their ships, sixty in number, and met the enemy in the sea called Sardonian. They engaged and the Phocaeans won, yet it was only a kind of Cadmean victory; Polynices and Eteocles, sons of Oedipus and descendants of Cadmus, fought for the possession of Thebes [23.3333,38.325] (Perseus) Thebes and killed each other. Hence a Cadmean victory means one where victor and vanquished suffer alike. for they lost forty of their ships, and the twenty that remained were useless, their rams twisted awry.
Then sailing to Aleria [9.5,42.83] (inhabited place), Haute-Corse, Corsica, France, Europe Alalia they took their children and women and all of their possessions that their ships could hold on board, and leaving Cyrnus they sailed to Reggio di Calabria [15.65,38.1] (inhabited place), Reggio di Calabria, Calabria, Italy, Europe Rhegium .
As for the crews of the disabled ships, the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians drew lots for them, and of the Tyrrhenians the Agyllaioi Later Caere [12.1,42] (Perseus) Caere in Etruria (region (general)), Italy, Europe Etruria. “And of the Tyrrhenians the Agyllaioi” supplemented by Stein. were allotted by far the majority and these they led out and stoned to death. But afterwards, everything from Agylla that passed the place where the stoned Phocaeans lay, whether sheep or beasts of burden or men, became distorted and crippled and palsied.
The Agyllaeans sent to Delphi [22.5167,38.4917] (Perseus) Delphi , wanting to mend their offense; and the Pythian priestess told them to do what the people of Agylla do to this day: for they pay great honors to the Phocaeans, with religious rites and games and horse-races.
Such was the end of this part of the Phocaeans. Those of them who fled to Reggio di Calabria [15.65,38.1] (inhabited place), Reggio di Calabria, Calabria, Italy, Europe Rhegium set out from there and gained possession of that city in the Oenotrian Oenotria corresponds to Southern Italy [12.833,42.833] (nation), Europe Italy (the Basilicata [16.166,40.5] (region), Italy, Europe Lucania and Calabria [16.5,39] (region), Italy, Europe Bruttium of Roman history.). country which is now called Elea (deserted settlement), Salerno, Campania, Italy, Europe Hyele ;Later Elea [15.1833,40.1333] (Perseus) Elea (Velia [15.15,40.1667] (Perseus) Velia ).
they founded this because they learned from a man of Posidonia that the Cyrnus whose establishment the Pythian priestess ordained was the hero, and not the island.
Thus, then, it went with the Ionian Phocaea. The Teians did the same things as the Phocaeans: when Harpagus had taken their walled city by building an earthwork, they all embarked aboard ship and sailed away for Thrace (region (general)), Europe Thrace . There they founded a city, Abdera [24.9667,40.9833] (Perseus) Abdera , which before this had been founded by Timesius of Klazomenai [26.7833,38.3167] (Perseus) Clazomenae ; yet he got no profit of it, but was driven out by the Thracians. This Timesius is now honored as a hero by the Teians of Abdera [24.9667,40.9833] (Perseus) Abdera .
These were the only Ionians who left their native lands, unable to endure slavery. The rest of the Ionians, except the Milesians, though they faced Harpagus in battle as did the exiles, and conducted themselves well, each fighting for his own country, yet, when they were defeated and their cities taken, they remained where they were and did as they were told.
The Milesians, as I have already said, made a treaty with Cyrus himself and struck no blow. Thus Ionia (region (general)), Europe Ionia was enslaved for the second time: and when Harpagus had conquered the Ionians of the mainland, the Ionians of the islands, fearing the same fate, surrendered to Cyrus.
When the Ionians, despite their evil plight, nonetheless assembled at the Panionion [27.1167,37.6833] (Perseus) Panionion , Bias of Priene [27.2833,37.6333] (Perseus) Priene , I have learned, gave them very useful advice, and had they followed it they might have been the most prosperous of all Greeks:
for he advised them to put out to sea and sail all together to Sardo and then found one city for all Ionians: thus, possessing the greatest island in the world and ruling others, they would be rid of slavery and have prosperity; but if they stayed in Ionia (region (general)), Europe Ionia he could see (he said) no hope of freedom for them.
This was the advice which Bias of Priene [27.2833,37.6333] (Perseus) Priene gave after the destruction of the Ionians; and that given before the destruction by Thales of Miletus [27.3,37.5] (Perseus) Miletus , a Phoenician by descent, was good too; he advised that the Ionians have one place of deliberation, and that it be in Teos [26.8,38.1667] (Perseus) Teos (for that was the center of Ionia (region (general)), Europe Ionia ), and that the other cities be considered no more than demes.Thus Bias and Thales advised.
Harpagus, after subjugating Ionia (region (general)), Europe Ionia , made an expedition against the Carians, Caunians, and Lycians, taking Ionians and Aeolians with him.
Of these, the Carians have come to the mainland from the islands; for in the past they were islanders, called Leleges and under the rule of Minos, not (as far as I can learn by report) paying tribute, but manning ships for him when he needed them.