14
Sometimes there is no word for some of the terms of the analogy but the metaphor can be used all the same. For instance, to scatter seed is to sow, but there is no word for the action of the sun in scattering its fire. Yet this has to the sunshine the same relation as sowing has to the seed, and so you have the phrase sowing the god-created fire.
15
Besides this another way of employing metaphor is to call a thing by the strange name and then to deny it some attribute of that name. For instance, suppose you call the shield not Ares’ cup but a “wineless cup.” . . .Or you might call Love Venus’s bloodless War. At this point a few lines on Ornament have evidently been lost, since this is its place in the catalogue of nouns above. By ornament he seems to mean an embellishing epithet or synonym. In the Rhetoric he quotes Our lady the fig-tree as a misplaced ornament. One might add the seventeenth-century use of Thames for water.
17
An invented word is one not used at all by any people and coined by the poet. There seem to be such words, eg. sprouters for horns and pray-er for priest.
18
A word is lengthened or curtailed, the former when use is made of a longer vowel than usual or a syllable inserted, and the latter when part of the word is curtailed.
19
An example of a lengthened word is πόληος for πολέως and Πηληιάδεω for Πηλείδου; and of a curtailed word κρῖ and δῶ, and e.g. μία γίνεται ἀμφοτέρων ὄψ.κρῖ for κριθή, barley; δῶ for δῶμα house; ὄψ for ὄψις face, eye, or appearance.
