Book 5
5
And again the same thing is sometimes the cause of contrary results; because that which by its presence is the cause of so-and-so we sometimes accuse of being, by its absence, the cause of the contrary—as, e.g., we say that the absence of the pilot is the cause of a capsize, whereas his presence was the cause of safety.
6
And both, presence and privation, are moving causes.
6
Now there are four senses which are most obvious under which all the causes just described may be classed.
7
The components of syllables; the material of manufactured articles; fire, earth and all such bodies; the parts of a whole; and the premisses of a syllogistic conclusion; are causes in the material sense. Of these some are causes as substrate: e.g. the parts; and others as essence : the whole, and the composition, and the form.
8
The seed and the physician and the contriver and in general that which produces, all these are the source of change or stationariness. The remainder represent the end and good of the others; for the final cause tends to be the greatest good and end of the rest.
9
Let it be assumed that it makes no difference whether we call it good or apparent good. In kind , then, there are these four classes of cause.
9
The modes of cause are numerically many, although these too are fewer when summarized.
